Hemicrania continua: characteristics and therapeutic experience in a series of 36 patients
*Correspondencia: Dr. Ángel Luis Guerrero Peral. Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid. Ramón y Cajal, 3. E-47005 Valladolid.
E-mail: gueneurol@gmail.com
Introduction: Hemicrania continua is characterised by a continuous unilateral pain, which frequently gets worse in association with autonomic symptoms. It is probably little known and underdiagnosed. Its diagnosis requires a response to indomethacin, which is not always well tolerated.
Aims: We report a series of 36 cases of hemicrania continua that were treated in the headache service of a tertiary hospital. We analyse their demographic and clinical features and the therapeutic alternatives to indomethacin.
Patients and methods: Between January 2008 and April 2012, 36 patients (28 females, eight males) were diagnosed with hemicrania continua from among 1800 (2%) who were treated in that service.
Results: The age of onset was 46.3 ± 18.4 years. In four patients (11.1%) there were pain remissions that lasted over three months. The baseline pain was chiefly oppressive or burning with an intensity of 5.2 ± 1.4 on the verbal analogue scale. Exacerbations lasted 32.3 ± 26.1 minutes, were of a predominantly stabbing nature with an intensity of 8.3 ± 1.4, and in 69.4% of cases were accompanied by autonomic symptoms. Altogether 16.7% of the patients did not tolerate indomethacin beyond an indotest and 50% did so with side effects. In 13 cases at least one anaesthetic blockade was performed in the supraorbital or the greater occipital nerve or a trochlear injection of corticoids was carried out with a full response in 53.8% and a partial response in 38.5%.
Conclusions: Hemicrania continua is not an infrequent diagnosis in a headache clinic and, because it is a treatable condition, further knowledge on the subject is needed. Anaesthetic blockades of the supraorbital or greater occipital nerves or a trochlear injection of corticoids are the therapeutic options that must be taken into consideration when indomethacin is not well tolerated.
Objetivo Se presenta una serie de 36 casos de hemicránea continua atendidos en la consulta de cefaleas de un hospital terciario. Analizamos sus características demográficas y clínicas y las alternativas terapéuticas a la indometacina.
Pacientes y métodos Entre enero de 2008 y abril de 2012, 36 pacientes (28 mujeres, ocho varones) fueron diagnosticados de hemicránea continua entre 1.800 (2%) atendidos en dicha consulta.
Resultados La edad al inicio fue de 46,3 ± 18,4 años. En cuatro pacientes (11,1%) existían remisiones del dolor superiores a tres meses. El dolor basal era principalmente opresivo o quemante, y su intensidad era de 5,2 ± 1,4 en la escala analógica verbal. Las exacerbaciones tenían una duración de 32,3 ± 26,1 minutos, carácter predominantemente punzante, intensidad de 8,3 ± 1,4, y en el 69,4% de casos se acompañaban de síntomas autonómicos. El 16,7% de los pacientes no toleró la indometacina más allá de un indotest, y un 50% lo hizo con efectos adversos. En 13 casos se llevó a cabo al menos un bloqueo anestésico en el nervio supraorbitario o el occipital mayor, o una inyección de corticoides en la tróclea con respuesta completa en el 53,8% y parcial en el 38,5%.
Conclusiones La hemicránea continua no es un diagnóstico infrecuente en una consulta de cefaleas, y es necesario aumentar su conocimiento al tratarse de una entidad tratable. Los bloqueos anestésicos del nervio supraorbotario o del occipital mayor o la inyección de corticoides en la tróclea son una opción terapéutica que se debe considerar cuando la indometacina no se tolera bien.