Tabla I. Datos demográficos y rendimiento de pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer. |
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Media |
Desviación estándar |
|
Edad |
73 |
9,42 |
Escolaridad |
5 |
2,73 |
Denominación |
37,05 |
6,91 |
Selección |
41,05 |
8,61 |
Apareamiento |
32,82 |
9,40 |
Miedo correcto |
7,78 |
3,94 |
Miedo × sorpresa |
13,96 |
4,15 |
Sorpresa correcta |
18,46 |
4,87 |
Sorpresa × miedo |
5,25 |
2,48 |
Enojo correcto |
13,07 |
3,82 |
Enojo × asco |
4,71 |
2,22 |
Asco correcto |
20,71 |
3,80 |
Asco × enojo |
4,75 |
2,50 |
Tabla II. Puntuaciones estandarizadas (Z) de las pruebas de la batería de reconocimiento facial de emociones básicas; la puntuación patológica (Z < –1,50) se muestra en cursiva. |
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Denominación |
Selección |
Apareamiento |
||||
Sujeto 1 |
–3,73 |
–3,27 |
–3,51 |
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Sujeto 2 |
–2,89 |
–6,32 |
–4,48 |
|||
Sujeto 3 |
–2,89 |
–2,66 |
–1,33 |
|||
Sujeto 4 |
–0,08 |
1,62 |
–0,84 |
|||
Sujeto 5 |
–6,81 |
–0,52 |
0,61 |
|||
Sujeto 6 |
–1,20 |
0,70 |
0,86 |
|||
Sujeto 7 |
–0,92 |
–0,52 |
0,37 |
|||
Sujeto 8 |
–6,81 |
–2,96 |
–5,93 |
|||
Sujeto 9 |
–4,01 |
–5,71 |
–5,21 |
|||
Sujeto 10 |
–4,85 |
–4,80 |
–5,93 |
|||
Sujeto 11 |
–2,89 |
–3,27 |
–4,48 |
|||
Sujeto 12 |
–4,85 |
–5,10 |
–4,48 |
|||
Sujeto 13 |
–1,48 |
–2,05 |
–2,30 |
|||
Sujeto 14 |
–6,53 |
–3,88 |
–3,75 |
|||
Sujeto 15 |
–3,73 |
–4,80 |
–2,54 |
|||
Sujeto 16 |
–3,45 |
–3,27 |
–4,48 |
|||
Sujeto 17 |
–2,33 |
–5,41 |
–2,54 |
|||
Sujeto 18 |
–3,17 |
–5,71 |
–6,90 |
|||
Sujeto 19 |
–4,85 |
–4,49 |
–4,24 |
|||
Sujeto 20 |
–3,73 |
–2,96 |
–1,08 |
|||
Sujeto 21 |
–4,29 |
–2,35 |
–4,72 |
|||
Sujeto 22 |
–6,53 |
–10,60 |
–5,93 |
|||
Sujeto 23 |
–0,64 |
–2,35 |
–0,84 |
|||
Sujeto 24 |
–3,17 |
–4,80 |
–3,51 |
|||
Sujeto 25 |
–5,97 |
–4,49 |
–2,54 |
|||
Sujeto 26 |
–2,05 |
–2,05 |
–3,51 |
|||
Sujeto 27 |
–5,41 |
–3,73 |
–5,97 |
|||
Sujeto 28 |
–4,29 |
–4,29 |
–6,53 |
Tabla III. Porcentaje de errores de cada emoción. |
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Asco |
Miedo |
Alegría |
Enojo |
Sorpresa |
Tristeza |
|
Asco |
0 |
12,99 |
3,15 |
51,18 |
8,27 |
24,41 |
Miedo |
10,43 |
0 |
4,08 |
21,32 |
48,07 |
16,10 |
Alegría |
4,12 |
20,62 |
0 |
5,15 |
60,82 |
9,28 |
Enojo |
27,56 |
31,84 |
3,42 |
0 |
12,39 |
24,79 |
Sorpresa |
4,09 |
45,28 |
25,79 |
15,72 |
0 |
9,12 |
Tristeza |
27,33 |
22,22 |
6,61 |
31,83 |
12,01 |
0 |
Las columnas indican la respuesta correcta, mientras que las filas indican las respuestas de los pacientes. |
Tabla IV. Comparación de medias para muestras pareadas entre respuestas correctas y principales confusores. |
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t |
Intervalo de confianza |
p |
||
Inferior |
Superior |
|||
Miedo correcto |
8,581 |
6,630 |
10,798 |
0,000 |
Sorpresa × miedo |
||||
Sorpresa correcta |
11,946 |
8,844 |
12,512 |
0,000 |
Miedo × sorpresa |
||||
Enojo correcto |
9,956 |
6,606 |
10,036 |
0,000 |
Asco × enojo |
||||
Asco correcto |
17,203 |
14,091 |
17,908 |
0,000 |
Enojo × asco |
Tabla V. Comparación de rendimiento entre controles y pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer. |
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Diferencia de medias |
p |
|
Miedo |
4,647 |
0,001 a |
Miedo × sorpresa |
–0,619 |
0,580 |
Sorpresa |
7,425 |
0,001 a |
Sorpresa × miedo |
–2,194 |
0,002 a |
Asco |
5,730 |
0,001 a |
Asco × enojo |
–1,861 |
0,007 a |
Enojo |
8,373 |
0,001 a |
Enojo × asco |
–1,270 |
0,054 |
a Diferencia estadísticamente significativa. |
Recognition of basic emotions and their main confusers in Alzheimer-type dementia Introduction. An alteration in the recognition of basic emotions is usually observed in Alzheimer’s type dementia. Although there is some consensus that basic emotions are six, more recent studies conclude that there may be a combination between fear/ surprise and disgust/anger. This pattern has not yet been investigated in the Alzheimer’s type dementia. Aims. To evaluate if the main confusers are significant as to determine the amount of basic emotions, and to study which are the main confusers, between emotions, that are manifested in patients with Alzheimer’s type dementia. Patients and methods. Twenty-eight patients were evaluated with the Battery of Facial Recognition of Basic Emotions. Results. The highest percentages of choice for each emotion, proceeding those of correct answers, correspond to the main confusers (fear × surprise, surprise × fear, and disgust × anger). Significant differences were found between fear correct/surprise × fear, surprise correct/fear × surprise, anger correct/disgust × anger, and disgust correct/anger × disgust. Conclusions. These results support the classical theory raised on the existence of six basic emotions. As regard as emotional confusers, our results coincide partially with studies which found that the main errors are between anger/disgust and surprise/fear. As an exception, we found in our sample that when the correct answer is anger, the most common response by patients is fear. Key words. Alzheimer’s disease. Basic emotions. Confusers. Dementia. Facial recognition. |