Anexo. Estudios analizados: metodología, trastornos del neurodesarrollo y déficits ejecutivos.
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Metodología
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Trastornos
del neuro-desarrollo
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Déficits
ejecutivos
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Instrumentos de evaluación
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Participantes
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Edad (media ± DE) (años)
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CI (media ± DE)
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Funciones ejecutivas
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Inteligencia
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Huang
et al [11]
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N DT = 427
N TDAH+TA = 942
N TDAH = 799
N 6-8 años = 1.043
N 9-11 años = 870
N 12-14 años = 496
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Rango: 6-8
Rango: 9-11
Rango: 12-14
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CI DT = 112,93 ± 13,87
CI TDAH+TA = 98,66 ± 13,87
CI TDAH = 105,17 ± 14,36
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TA
TDAH (subtipo combinado)
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Inhibición
Actualización
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Stroop Color-Word Test
Trail-Making Test
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (versión padres)
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Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
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Gooch
et al [48]
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N DT = 74
N Trast. lenguaje = 79
N TA = 90
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T2 meses de estudio =
4,7 ± 0,3
T3 meses de estudio =
5,7 ± 0,29
T4 meses de estudio =
6,5 ± 0,36
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CI = 106,57 ± 19,07
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TA (dislexia)
Trastorno del lenguaje
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Inhibición
Atención
Memoria visuoespacial
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Head Toes Knees
and Shoulders
Visual Search
Block Recall
Working Memory Test Battery for Children
Go/No-Go Task
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Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence – 3rd edition (Block Design)
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Menghini
et al [73]
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N DT = 65
N TA = 60
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Edad DT = 11,94
Edad TA = 11,43
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CI DT = no disponible en la versión de texto completa
CI TA ± Dislexia =
103 ± 11,28
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TA (dislexia)
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Planificación
Fluidez
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Category Fluency Test
Wisconsin Card
Sorting Test
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Raven Colored Progressive Matrices
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Shuai
et al [10]
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N DT = 88
N TDAH = 44
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Edad DT = 8,4 ± 0,8
Edad TDAH = 8,4 ± 0,9
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CI DT = 106,4 ± 11,6
CI TDAH = 106,3 ± 12,1
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TDAH
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
Planificación
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Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
Conners’ Parent Scale
Stroop Color and Word Test
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Trail Making Test
Torre de Hanoi
Visual Field Test
False-Belief task
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Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised
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Hwang
et al [51]
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N DT = 35
N TDAH = 26
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Edad DT = 13,91 ± 2,13
Edad TDAH = 14,53 ± 2
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CI DT = 105,06 ± 12,67
CI TDAH = 106,42 ± 13,03
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TDAH
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Inhibición
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Conners’ Parenting Score
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Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (2-subtest form)
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Karalunas
et al [49]
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N DT = 44
N TDAH = 63
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Rango: 5-6
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CI DT = 106,79 ± 9,78
CI TDAH = 97,45 ± 14,5
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TDAH
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
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Walk-a-line Slowly Task
Peg Tapping Task
Head-Toes-Knees-ShouldersTask
Choice-Delay Task
Go/No-Go Task
Backward Word Span Task
Finger Windows Task from the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Second Edition
Dimensional Change
Card Sort
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale – Fifth Edition (Vocabulary and Matrices)
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Pineda
et al [47]
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N DT = 372
N TDAH = 249
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Edad DT = 8,3 ± 1,5
Edad TDAH = 8 ± 1,4
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CI > 85
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TDAH
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Planificación
Fluidez
Razonamiento
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Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-Abbreviated Version
Mental Control domain of the Wechsler Memory Scale
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Escala completa de CI
No disponible el nombre de la escala aplicada en la versión completa
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Jacobson
et al [56]
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N DT = 21
N TDAH = 41
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Edad DT = 11,46 ± 1,63
Edad TDAH = 10,97
± 1,41
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CI DT = 105,66 ± 11,88
CI TDAH = 91,7 ± 12,2
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TDAH
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
Fluidez
Velocidad de procesamiento
de la información
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition-I Digit Span Backward
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition-I Letter-Number Sequencing
Simple Reaction Time and Go/No-Go Tests
Rapid Automatized Naming
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition. General Ability Index score
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Willcutt
et al [52]
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N DT = 121
N TA = 93
N TDAH = 52
N TDAH + TA = 48
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Rango: 8-16
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CI > 70
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TA (dificultades
de lectura)
TDAH
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
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Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Contingency Naming Test
Continuous Performance Test
Stopping Task
Sentence Span Task
Counting Span Task
Trail Making Test
Stroop Color and Word Test
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
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Samyn
et al [53]
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N DT = 148
N TDAH = 30
N TEA = 31
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Edad DT = 12,73 ± 1,48
Edad TEA = 12,83 ± 1,41
Edad TDAH = 13,16 ± 1,61
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CI DT = 107,21 ± 11,68
CI TDAH = 108,20 ± 12,63
CI TEA = 101,16 ± 12,48
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TDAH
TEA
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Inhibición
Atención
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Go/No-Go Task
Animal Stroop Task
Focused Attention Task
Shifting Attention
Task-Auditory
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition: Vocabulary, Similarities, Picture Arrangement and Block Design
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Schoemaker
et al [50]
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N DT = 56
N TDAH = 61
N Trastorno del comportamiento = 33
N TDAH + Trastorno
del comportamiento = 52
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Edad DT = 4,6 ± 0,6
Edad TDAH = 4,6 ± 0,61
Edad Trastorno del comportamiento = 4,3 ± 0,7
Edad TDAH + Trastorno
del comportamiento =
4,51 ± 0,56
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CI DT = 111,65 ± 10,32
CI TDAH = 101,29 ± 12
CI Trastorno del comportamiento = 101,89 ± 10,9
CI TDAH + Trastorno
del comportamiento =
99,76 ± 11,61
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TDAH
Trastorno del comportamiento
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
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Go/No-Go Task
Modified Snack Delay
Shape School – Inhibit Condition
(computarizada)
Nine Boxes and Delayed Alternation
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Raven Colored Progressive Matrices
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Shuai
et al [54]
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N DT = 375
N TDAH = 125
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Rango: 6-15
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CI < 80
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TDAH
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
Flexibilidad
Planificación
Fluidez
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Stroop Color and Word Test
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Trail Making Test
Torre de Hanoi
Verbal Fluency Test
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Chinese Children-Revised
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Han y
Chan [68]
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N DT = 30
N TEA = 30
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Rango: 8-17
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CI DT = 109,8 ± 11,59
CI TEA de alto desarrollo = 105,2 ± 21,61
CI TEA de bajo desarrollo = 50,3 ± 12,73
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TEA
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Inhibición
Flexibilidad
Planificación
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D2 test of concentration
Five point test (5-point)
Children’s Color Trail Test
Tower of California Test
Go/No-Go Task
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition, short form
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition
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Pugliese
et al [58]
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N TEA con discapacidad Intelectual = 64
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8,43 ± 2,29
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CI TEA = 107,03 ± 19,83
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TEA con discapacidad intelectual
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Autorregulación
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Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
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Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
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Van Eylen
et al [69]
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N DT = 50
N TEA = 50
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Rango: 8-18
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CI DT = 107,72 ± 9,3
CI TEA = 104,32 ± 10,83
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TEA
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
Flexibilidad
Planificación
Velocidad de procesamiento
de la información
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Go/No-Go Task
Flanker Task
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Switch Task
Design fluency Test
Spatial Working Memory Test (CANTAB)
Search strategy Spatial Span Test (Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability - Nederlandstalige bewerking)
Tower test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System)
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
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Dutch-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – 3rd edition/Dutch-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – 3rd edition
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Hagberg
et al [64]
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N TEA = 68
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Rango: 16- 36,5
DE: 4,7
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CI TEA Persistent nonverbal learning difficulties = 96,50 ± 18,30
CI TEA Childhood ‘only’ non verbal learning difficulties = 102,1 ± 14,5
CI TEA Never nonverbal learning difficulties = 99,4 ± 17,5
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TA (dificultades
de aprendizaje
no verbal)
TEA
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
Atención
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Dysexecutive Syndrome Questionnaire
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition
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Merchán
et al [59]
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N DT = 32
N TEA = 23
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Edad DT = 12,9 ± 2,5
Edad TEA = 12,5 ± 2,5
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CI DT = 106,81 ± 11,02
CI TEA = 99,2 ± 18,81
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TEA (sin discapacidad intelectual)
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
Flexibilidad
Atención
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (dígitos directos, dígitos inversos, letras y números)
Trail Making Test (partes A y B)
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Continuous Performance Test-II
Test de palabras y colores Stroop
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-revised (WISC-R)
En el grupo con TEA se aplicó la escala completa
En el grupo con DT se emplearon los subtests: vocabulario y cubos
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Stephanie
y Julie [65]
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N DT = 32
N TEA = 17
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Rango: 4-9
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CI DT = 84,4 ± 21,3
CI TEA = 77,8 ± 27,2
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TEA
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Inhibición
Flexibilidad
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Computerized version of
the Dimensional Change Card-Sorting Task
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Raven’s Progressive Matrices
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Van Eylen
et al [55]
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N DT = 100
N TEA = 113
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Grupo niños:
Edad DT = 12,86 ± 2,89
Edad TEA = 12,9 ± 2,98
Grupo adultos:
Edad DT = 45,43 ± 5,66
Edad TEA = 44,04 ± 4,6
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CI DT = 110,58 ± 10,75
CI TEA = 109,08 ± 13,1
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TEA
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Inhibición
Flexibilidad
Fluidez
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Go/No-Go task
Flanker task
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Switch Task
Uso de tareas de objetos
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System
Spatial working memory test (CANTAB)
Spatial span test (Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability - Nederlandstalige bewerking)
Tower test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System)
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
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Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
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Chen
et al [60]
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8-12 años
N DT = 63
N TEA = 53
13-18 años
N DT = 51
N TEA = 58
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Grupo 8-12 años:
Edad DT = 10,65 ± 1,31
Edad TEA = 9,96 ± 1,37
Grupo 13-18 años:
Edad DT = 14,41 ± 1,42
Edad TEA = 14,72 ± 1,53
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Grupo 8-12 años:
CI DT = 114,94 ± 8,92
CI TEA = 108,58 ± 15,97
Grupo 13-18 años:
CI DT = 109,92 ± 9,54
CI TEA = 107,07 ± 12,83
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TEA
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Memoria de trabajo
Planificación
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CANTAB computerized
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (Digit Span)
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Robinson
et al [61]
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N DT = 54
N TEA = 54
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Edad DT = 12,08 ± 2,3
Edad TEA = 12,53 ± 2,8
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CI DT = 104,8 ± 9,07
CI TEA = 103,53 ± 10,54
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TEA
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Inhibición
Flexibilidad
Planificación
Automonitorización
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Torre de Londres
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
Stroop
Junior Hayling Test
Verbal Fluency
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Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
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Maister
et al [66]
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N DT = 14
N TEA = 14
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Edad DT = 12,1 ± 0,6
Edad TEA = 12,2 ± 0,1
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Experimento 1:
CI DT = 46,4 ± 7,4
CI TEA = 43,9 ± 6,4
Experimento 2:
CI DT = 44,3 ± 6,3
CI TEA = 41,6 ± 8,3
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TEA
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Memoria relacional
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Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery
Intra-Extra Dimensional
A phonemic verbal fluency task and a semantic verbal fluency task
Stroop task
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Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices
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Pellicano
et al [62]
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N DT = 30
N TEA = 30
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Edad DT = 4,41 ± 0,87
Edad TEA = 4,43 ± 1,01
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CI Verbal_DT = 101,87 ± 11,01
CI Verbal_TEA = 96,53 ± 15,52
CI Manipulativo_DT = 102,33 ± 12,63
CI Manipulativo_TEA = 101,63 ± 14,97
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TEA
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
Flexibilidad
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Dimensional Change
Card Sort
Corsi Blocks Task
Less is More Task
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Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence – 3rd edition
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Lukito
et al [67]
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N TEA = 100
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Rango: 10-12
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CI TEA = 84,3 ± 18
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TEA
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Inhibición
Memoria de trabajo
Flexibilidad
Planificación
Actualización
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Opposite Worlds, part of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children and Luria Hand Game
Trail Making Test
Card sorting task
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Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
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Kenworthy
et al [63]
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N TEA = 67
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Edad TEA participante
en UOT = 9,49 ± 1
Edad TEA participante
en SS = 9,58 ± 1,1
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CI TEA_UOT = 108,8 ± 18,52
CI TEA_SS = 107,63 ± 17,2
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TEA (nivel de funcionamiento alto)
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Flexibilidad
Planificación
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Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
Change Task
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Wechsler Abbreviate
Scale of Intelligence
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Boxhoorn
et al [77]
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N DT = 22
N TEA = 23
N TDAH-Inatento = 23
N TDAH-Combinado = 52
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Edad DT = 9,77 ± 2,4
Edad TEA = 10,04 ± 2,3
Edad TDAH-Inatento = 9,91 ± 1,8
Edad TDAH-Combinado = 9,76 ± 1,8
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CI DT = 112 ± 13
CI TEA = 104,96 ± 18,3
CI TDAH-Inatento =
98,17 ± 12,2
CI TDAH-Combinado = 102,33 ± 11,2
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TDAH
TEA
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Atención
Control/supervisión
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Child Behaviour Checklist
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Escala completa de CI
No disponible el nombre de la escala aplicada
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Happé
et al [76]
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N DT = 32
N TEA = 32
N TDAH = 30
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Edad DT = 11,2 ± 2
Edad TEA = 10,9 ± 2,4
Edad TDAH = 11,6 ± 1,7
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CI DT = 106,8 ± 13,4
CI TEA = 99,7 ± 18,7
CI TDAH = 99,1 ± 17,7
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TA
TEA
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Memoria de trabajo
Flexibilidad
Planificación
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Go/No-Go Task
Verbal fluency: FAS
Verbal fluency: categories
Design fluency CANTAB intradimensional/extradimensional
CANTAB stockings of Cambridge
CANTAB spatial working memory
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition
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CANTAB: Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; CI: cociente intelectual; DE: desviación estándar; DT: desarrollo típico; SS: Social Skills Intervention; TA: trastorno específico del aprendizaje; TDAH: trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad; TEA: trastorno del espectro autista; UOT: Unstuck and On Target.
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