Disorders of the state of being alert and parasomnias of the transition wakefulness-sleep
Introduction. Disorders of arousal and parasomnias of sleep-wake transition are revisited. Disorders of arousal are: Sleepwalking (SW), confusional arousals (CA) and sleep terrors (ST). SW, CA and ST are different clinical manifestations of the same disorder beeing ST the most severe and SW the mildest manifestation. Disorders of arousal are typical parasomnias of NREM sleep, mainly slow wawe sleep. Pathophysiological mechanism of these disorders is the state’s dissociation of wakefulness and sleep. The conjunction of the constitutional factors (genetic, age, sleep privation, drugs, psychological, etc.), and precipitant factors (light, sound, temperature, touch, apnea, gastroesophageal reflux, seizure, fever, psychological, etc.) permit three possible arousal behavioral response: A full awakening, a shift stageof sleep or a partial arousal. Clinical significance of arousal parasomnias depend on the age. In childrens are caused by developmental and genetic factors and usually are autolimited. In adults usually are caused by psychopathology. In the elderly are often caused by organic brain syndromes. Parasomnias of sleepwake transition are: Rhytmic movements of sleep, sleeptalking, starts and the nocturnal cramp. Most of them are mild disorders, almost physiological phenomena that usually don’t need any treatment