Survival with no sequelae after near-drowning with very poor signs for prognosis including persistent bilateral non-reactive mydriasis
Correspondencia: Dr. Javier López Pisón. Sección de Neuropediatría. Hospital Miguel Servet. Paseo Isabel la Católica, 1 y 3. E-50009 Zaragoza.
E-mail: lopezpison@colon.net
Introduction: The outcome of cases of near-drowning and initially poor prognostic signs are usually discouraging because of the severity of the consequent encephalopathy in most survivors. However, good recovery has been described, in spite of bad prognostic factors initially. It is difficult to establish the predictors of poor outcome which would enable one to decide when to establish and maintain advanced cardio-pulmonary resuscitation measures (CPR), since each case of near-drowning is different.
Clinical case: A four year old boy survived near-drowning in cold water without sequelas but with initial signs of very poor prognosis, including prolonged immersion time, coma, severe metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia and persistent bilateral arreactive mydriasis.
Discussion: The beneficial effect of hypothermia is well known, and explains (at least partially) survival in cases of apparently irreversible near-drowning. Potential benefits are reduced metabolic demand which prevents the adverse effects of hypoxia and the 'diving reflex' which short-circuits the blood supply to vital organs such as the brain and heart. We consider that the persistently arreactive pupils were not due to hypoxia, but rather to bilateral uncal compression of the third cranial nerves due to cerebral edema secondary to initial hypoxia and water intoxication.
Conclusion: This observation is yet another argument for the establishment and maintenance of aggressive manoeuvers of CPR and treatment in all children who have nearly-drowned, independently of the apparent seriousness or irreversibility.
Caso clínico Niño de 4 años que sobrevivió sin secuelas a un casi-ahogamiento en agua fría con signos iniciales de muy mal pronóstico, entre ellos tiempo prolongado de inmersión, coma, grave acidosis metabólica, hiperglucemia y persistente midriasis bilateral arreactiva. Discusión. Se conoce bien el efecto beneficioso de la hipotermia, que explica, al menos en parte, la supervivencia en casos de aparente irreversibilidad tras casi-ahogamiento. Sus beneficios potenciales son la disminución de las demandas metabólicas, que previene los efectos adversos de la hipoxia, y el ‘reflejo del buceador’, que cortocircuita el flujo sanguíneo a los órganos más vitales como son el cerebro y el corazón. Creemos que la persistente arreactividad pupilar no fue debida al efecto directo de la hipoxemia, sino a compresión uncal bilateral del III par craneal por edema cerebral secundario a la hipoxemia inicial y a la intoxicación acuosa.
Conclusión Esta observación es un argumento más para establecer y mantener maniobras agresivas de RCP y tratamiento ante niños que han sufrido un casi-ahogamiento, independientemente de la gravedad o irreversibilidad aparente