Polymyositis in childhood
Correspondencia: Dr. Juan Marín Muñoz. Antonio Torrecillas, 5, Bajo. E-30003 Murcia.
Introduction and objective: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are very rare in infancy. We present five cases of polymyositis in children in which the clinical variability and difficulty in diagnosis that occurs with this disorder are clearly seen, and analyze their response to steroid treatment.
Clinical cases: We can distinguish two groups of patients: the first is formed of the case of a two and a half month old baby with generalized hypotonia; and the second includes the other four cases, children of between 2 and 8 years old with weakness, which was mainly proximal. One of the second group later developed juvenile chronic arthritis. In all cases there was a raised CPK and a myopathic EMG, with or without spontaneous muscle activity. Muscle biopsy showed inflammatory myopathy. The first group corresponds to so-called infantile polymyositis which is characterized by generalized hypotonia. The second group includes older children in whom the clinical features of the disorder are similar to those in adults. The association of other autoimmune diseases with infantile polymyositis is exceptional. All cases show more or less improvement with corticosteroids.
Conclusions: The polymyositis are extremely rare before puberty and have a broad clinical spectrum. Congenital cases have been described in infants and in older children. The biopsy results are usually unexpected. Treatment with corticosteroids leads to clinical improvement which may be only partial and is less favorable than in the dermatomyositis.
Casos clínicos Podemos diferenciar dos grupos de enfermos: el primero lo constituye el caso de un lactante de 2 meses y medio con cuadro de hipotonía generalizada; el segundo, los otros 4 casos, niños de entre 2 y 8 años que presentaron debilidad de predominio proximal, uno de ellos desarrolló posteriormente una artritis crónica juvenil. En todos los casos se encontró CPK aumentada y EMG miopático, con o sin actividad muscular espontánea. La biopsia de músculo mostró miopatía inflamatoria. El primer grupo sería encuadrable en la llamada polimiositis del lactante, caracterizada clínicamente por hipotonía generalizada. En el segundo grupo incluimos los casos de niños mayores cuya clínica es similar a la de los adultos. La asociación a otras enfermedades autoinmunes en la polimiositis infantil es excepcional. Todos los casos mejoraron en mayor o menor grado con corticosteroides.
Conclusiones Las polimiositis son extraordinariamente raras antes de la pubertad y se expresan por un espectro clínico amplio, habiéndose descrito casos congénitos, en lactantes y en niños mayores. El resultado de la biopsia suele ser inesperado. El tratamiento con corticosteroides produce una mejoría clínica que a veces es sólo parcial y menos favorable que en las dermatomiositis