Original Article
The return to the ketogenic diet. what role does it play in the treatment of refractory seizures of infancy?
La vuelta a la dieta cetogénica. ¿Qué papel desempeña en el tratamiento de las convulsiones infantiles refractarias?
Rev Neurol 2001
, 32(12),
1115–1119;
https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.3212.2000510
Abstract
About one third of the patients with epilepsy are not satisfactorily controlled in spite of correct anticonvulsive treatment. Although the ketogenic diet has been used for refractory epilepsy since the 1920s, over the past ten years it has been used much more, OBJECTIVE. To review the effectiveness, tolerance and adverse effects in 12 paediatric patients who have been on this diet for over three months. Patients and methods. We assessed 15 children, of whom only 12 are included in this review ( 5 boys and 7 girls). After initial joint evaluation by the neuropaediatrician and the Clinical Nutrition Unit the diet was started in hospital with a period of fasting (24-48 hours) until ketosis occurred. The diet was continued over three days before the child was sent home. In our centre we used a diet with modified MCT, in which 30% of the energy was given in the form of MCT and 40% as natural fats. The effectiveness of the diet was found by comparing the number of seizures suffered by the patient before starting the diet with the number at different times later (1, 3, 6, 12, 18 months).
RESULTS The median age when starting on the diet was 3 years and 5 months (range 18 months to 9 years). All had been diagnosed as having the Lennox Gastaut syndrome, six having cryptogenic disease. Six children had severe mental retardation. Six months after starting the diet, half the children had over 50% reduction in seizures whilst a third had no seizures at all or had their frequency of occurrence reduced by over 90%. After one year three families had given up the diet, two because of its inefficacy in controlling the seizures. The diet was well-tolerated in all cases, with levels of ketonuria maintained at 2+. Mild adverse effects were seen in only three patients and transient rise in the plasma cholesterol level in four children.
CONCLUSIONS The ketogenic diet is still an effective treatment for epilepsy, especially in patients in whom the drugs available have not led to improvement. Its excellent tolerance and few short-term side-effects encourages its use in most cases of refractory epilepsy.
RESULTS The median age when starting on the diet was 3 years and 5 months (range 18 months to 9 years). All had been diagnosed as having the Lennox Gastaut syndrome, six having cryptogenic disease. Six children had severe mental retardation. Six months after starting the diet, half the children had over 50% reduction in seizures whilst a third had no seizures at all or had their frequency of occurrence reduced by over 90%. After one year three families had given up the diet, two because of its inefficacy in controlling the seizures. The diet was well-tolerated in all cases, with levels of ketonuria maintained at 2+. Mild adverse effects were seen in only three patients and transient rise in the plasma cholesterol level in four children.
CONCLUSIONS The ketogenic diet is still an effective treatment for epilepsy, especially in patients in whom the drugs available have not led to improvement. Its excellent tolerance and few short-term side-effects encourages its use in most cases of refractory epilepsy.
Resumen
Alrededor de una tercera parte de los pacientes con epilepsia no consiguen un adecuado control de las crisis pese a recibir un tratamiento anticomicial correcto. Aunque la dieta cetogénica ha venido empleándose en casos de epilepsia refractaria desde los años 1920, ha experimentado un resurgir en la última década. Objetivo: revisar la efectividad, la tolerancia y los efectos adversos en los 12 pacientes pediátricos que han recibido la dieta por un periodo superior a 3 meses. Pacientes y métodos: Se valoraron 15 niños, de los que sólo 12 se incluyen en la revisión (5 niños y 7 niñas). Tras la valoración inicial conjunta del neuropediatra y el equipo de Nutrición Clínica se instaura la dieta en el hospital sometiendo al niño a un periodo de ayuno (24-48 horas) hasta conseguir cetosis. La dieta se progresa a lo largo de tres días antes del alta domiciliaria. En nuestra institución se utiliza la dieta con MCT modificada, en la que un 30% de la energía se administra en forma de MCT y un 40% como grasas naturales. La efectividad de la dieta se realizó comparando el número de crisis que presentaba el paciente antes de iniciar la dieta con el número de las mismas en los distintos momentos de la evolución (1,3,6,12,18 meses). Resultados: La mediana de edad al inicio de la dieta fue de 3 años y 5 meses (rango 18 meses a 9 años). Todos habían sido diagnosticados de síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut, seis de ellos criptogénico. Seis de los niños presentaban retraso mental profundo. A los seis meses de iniciada la dieta, la mitad de los niños habían conseguido una reducción de las crisis superior al 50%, y un tercio no presentaba ninguna o su frecuencia había disminuido en más de un 90%. Al año, tres de las familias habían suspendido la dieta, dos por ineficacia en el control de las crisis. En todos los casos la dieta fue bien tolerada, manteniendo niveles de cetonuria por encima de 2+. Sólo se presentaron efectos adversos leves en tres pacientes y elevación transitoria de los niveles plasmáticos de colesterol en 4 niños. Conclusiones: La dieta cetogénica continúa siendo un tratamiento antiepiléptico eficaz, sobre todo en pacientes en los que han fracasado las medicaciones disponibles. Su buena tolerancia y baja incidencia de efectos adversos a corto plazo animan a su utilización en la gran mayoría de casos de epilepsia refractaria.
Keywords
Anti-epileptic drugs
Children
Epilepsy
Ketogenic diet
Ketosis
Treatment
Palabras Claves
Anticonvulsivo
Antiepiléptico
Antiepilépticos
Cetosis
Ensayo clínico
Ensayo clínico aleatorizado
Ensayo clínico controlado
Ensayo clínico doblemente ciego
Ensayo clínico multicéntrico
Epilepsia
Epilepsia intratable
Epilepsia refractaria
Estado de mal epiléptico
Estado epiléptico
Fármaco
Fármaco anticomicial
Fármaco anticonvulsivo
Fármaco antiepiléptico
Niño
Niños
Rehabilitación
Síndrome de West
Status epiléptico
Terapéutica
Terapéutica física
Tratamiento
Tratamiento quirúrgico