Review
Clinical and biomolecular classification of the frontotemporal dementias. A review of the literature
Clasificación clínica y biomolecular de las demencias frontotemporales. Revisión de la bibliografía
Rev Neurol 2008
, 47(11),
588–598;
https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.4711.2008298
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The term ‘frontotemporal lobar dementia’ (FTLD) covers a group of neurodegenerative diseases that are very heterogeneous in their clinical expression, genetic component and histopathological features, and this has traditionally made it difficult to study and classify them. Patients usually present a progressive change in their behaviour associated with language disorders and loss of memory, which constitutes the second most important cause of dementia in persons under the age of 65. The most significant characteristic at the histopathological level is the presence of abnormal aggregates or accumulations of proteins in neurons or glial cells; their identification has, on the one hand, helped further our knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms and, on the other hand, has allowed this type of dementia to be classified. DEVELOPMENT AND
CONCLUSIONS In the last two decades a remarkable amount of progress has been made in our knowledge of this group of diseases, thanks to the genetic advances related to the discovery of the MAPT gene and the progranulin gene, as well as their mutations, which are responsible for a high percentage of cases of hereditary FTLD. Likewise, the development of new immunohistochemical techniques has made it possible to characterise some abnormal proteins, such as the protein TDP-43, as the main component of the neuronal inclusions in tau-negative FTLD. All this has led to a new classification of the FTLD. This work includes a thorough review of said advances and the possible clinical, histological, genetic and biomolecular correlations of the different subtypes of FTLD are also considered.
CONCLUSIONS In the last two decades a remarkable amount of progress has been made in our knowledge of this group of diseases, thanks to the genetic advances related to the discovery of the MAPT gene and the progranulin gene, as well as their mutations, which are responsible for a high percentage of cases of hereditary FTLD. Likewise, the development of new immunohistochemical techniques has made it possible to characterise some abnormal proteins, such as the protein TDP-43, as the main component of the neuronal inclusions in tau-negative FTLD. All this has led to a new classification of the FTLD. This work includes a thorough review of said advances and the possible clinical, histological, genetic and biomolecular correlations of the different subtypes of FTLD are also considered.
Resumen
Introducción El término ‘demencia lobar frontotemporal’ (DLFT) agrupa un conjunto de enfermedades neurodegenerativas muy heterogéneo en su expresión clínica, componente genético y características histopatológicas, lo que tradicionalmente ha dificultado su estudio y clasificación. Los pacientes presentan de forma habitual un cambio progresivo en su conducta asociado a alteración del lenguaje y pérdida de memoria, lo que constituye la segunda causa de demencia en personas menores de 65 años. La característica más relevante a nivel histopatológico es la presencia de agregados o acúmulos de proteínas anómalas en las neuronas o la glía, cuya identificación ha contribuido, por una parte, al conocimiento de los mecanismos patogénicos y, por otra, ha permitido la clasificación de este tipo de demencia. Desarrollo y conclusiones. En las dos últimas décadas, se ha producido un notable progreso en el conocimiento de este grupo de enfermedades, gracias a los avances genéticos relacionados con el descubrimiento del gen MAPT y el gen de la progranulina, así como de sus mutaciones, responsables de un porcentaje elevado de las DLFT hereditarias; igualmente, el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas inmunohistoquímicas ha permitido caracterizar algunas proteínas anómalas, como la proteína TDP-43, como principal integrante de las inclusiones neuronales en las DLFT tau negativas. Todo ello ha permitido establecer una nueva clasificación de las DLFT. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión exhaustiva de dichos avances, además de considerar las posibles correlaciones clínicas, histológicas, genéticas y biomoleculares de los distintos subtipos de DLFT.
Keywords
Classification
Frontotemporal dementia
Progranulin
Tardopathies
Tauopathies
TDP-43
Ubiquitinopathies
Palabras Claves
Clasificación
Demencia frontotemporal
progranulina
Tardopatías
Taupatías
TDP-43
Ubiquitinopatías