Frontal variant of Alzheimer’s disease. Two pathologically confirmed cases and a literature review
*Correspondencia: Dr. Alejandro Herrero San Martín. Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Avda. Córdoba, s/n. E-28014 Madrid.
E-mail: alexportalrubio@hotmail.com
INTRODUCTION. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent degenerative dementia in our setting. In most patients the initial manifestations of the disease consist in a selective and progressive compromise of memory. Yet, it is not a homogeneous process and in some cases the mode of presentation can be atypical. The presentation of AD in the form of an early disorder affecting personality, behaviour and the executive functions has been called the frontal variant of AD. In our case, its definitive diagnosis was only possible by means of a histological analysis, given the fact that the applicable clinical criteria were then insufficient to reach a diagnosis of this atypical form of AD.
CASE REPORTS. We report the cases of two patients, one female and one male aged 60 and 52 respectively, who presented a progressive picture of cognitive impairment with initial involvement of the executive functions and personality changes, together with mood disorders. As a result, the initial diagnosis was one of probable frontotemporal dementia. However, in both cases, the autopsy revealed data consistent with a diagnosis of AD, with a distribution of the pathology that essentially affected the frontal lobes.
CONCLUSIONS. AD has a heterogeneous form of presentation, which can give rise to errors in its initial diagnosis, since current clinical criteria do not take this clinical variability sufficiently into account. We therefore consider it important to pay attention to the atypical forms of AD with the aim of developing new diagnostic methods that allow AD to be distinguished from other degenerative processes.
Casos clínicos Dos pacientes, una mujer y un hombre de 60 y 52 años respectivamente, presentaron un cuadro progresivo de deterioro cognitivo con afectación inicial de las funciones ejecutivas y cambio de personalidad, junto con alteraciones del estado de ánimo, por lo que se realizó el diagnóstico inicial de probable demencia frontotemporal. No obstante, en ambos casos, la autopsia reveló datos compatibles con el diagnóstico de EA, con una distribución de la patología que afectaba fundamentalmente a los lóbulos frontales.
Conclusiones La EA tiene una forma heterogénea de presentación, lo que puede originar errores en su diagnóstico inicial, dado que los criterios clínicos actuales no recogen de modo suficiente esta variabilidad clínica. Por ello, consideramos importante prestar atención a las formas atípicas de la EA con el objeto de desarrollar nuevos métodos diagnósticos que permitan diferenciar la EA del resto de procesos degenerativos.