Cytokines and the nervous system: the relationship between seizures and epilepsy
*Correspondencia: Dr. Óscar Kurt Bitzer Quintero. Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación. División de Neurociencias. Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO). IMSS. Sierra Mojada, 800. Col. Independencia. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
E-mail: neuronim26@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION The immune system and the peripheral and central nervous system are in constant communication by means of messengers and signalling molecules released, such as cytokines, neuropeptides, neurohormones and neurotransmitters, among others. Seizures are defined as the transitory appearance of signs and symptoms that trigger an abnormally excessive neuronal activity in the brain. Following seizures the generation of a neuroinflammatory process has been observed to occur, with the consequent release of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation-mediating molecules, which make the patient more prone to epilepsy.
AIM To offer evidence suggesting and supporting the role of cytokines in the appearance of seizures and in epilepsy, since these molecules have proven to have dual properties.
DEVELOPMENT The central nervous system, by means of the blood-brain barrier, restricts the flow of activated cells and inflammation mediators released from the peripheral system towards the brain parenchyma. Moreover, there is also another series of mechanisms that contributes to the ‘selective and modified’ immunity of the central nervous system. The purpose of all this series of events is to limit the responses of the immune system at central level, although it has been shown that in the central nervous system they are permanently under the control and regulation of the immune system.
CONCLUSIONS Cytokines in epilepsy play a dual role with pro- and anti-convulsive properties. Seizures do not induce the expression of cytokines only inside the brain, but also peripherally.
Objetivo Mostrar la evidencia que sugiere y apoya el papel de las citocinas en la aparición de crisis convulsivas y en la epilepsia, ya que estas moléculas han demostrado propiedades duales.
Desarrollo El sistema nervioso central, a través de la barrera hematoencefálica, restringe el flujo de células activadas y de mediadores de inflamación liberados desde el sistema periférico hacia el parénquima cerebral; además, existe otra serie de mecanismos que contribuyen a la inmunidad ‘selectiva y modificada’ del sistema nervioso central. Toda esta serie de eventos tiene la finalidad de limitar respuestas del sistema inmune a nivel central, aunque se ha demostrado que en el sistema nervioso central se encuentran de manera permanente bajo el control y la regulación del sistema inmune.
Conclusiones Las citocinas en la epilepsia muestran un papel dual con propiedades pro y anticonvulsionantes. Las convulsiones no solamente inducen la expresión de citocinas dentro del cerebro, sino también periféricamente.