Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome due to mutation of the IFIH1 gene with pontine involvement. A case report
*Correspondencia: Dr. Alberto Florido Rodríguez. Unidad de Neurología Infantil. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil. Avda. Marítima del Sur, s/n. E-35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
E-mail: albertofloridorodriguez@gmail.com
Introduction. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome is a rare progressive subacute encephalopathy of early onset – generally in the first year of life – characterised by psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, alterations in the white matter of the brain, intracranial calcifications, pleocytosis and elevated levels of interferon alpha in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is associated to an increase in the expression of genes stimulated by interferon in peripheral blood, a fact known as the interferon signature. The levels of genes stimulated by interferon has been postulated as a good biomarker, as they remain high in peripheral blood over time and are more sensitive, in comparison to determinations of interferon alpha and neopterins in cerebrospinal fluid, which descend as of one year of life. To date, mutations have been reported in seven genes that overstimulate the interferon alpha pathway, and the last to be discovered is IFIH1 (interferon induced with helicase C domain 1), with a pattern of dominant autosomal inheritance.
Case report. We present the first case reported in the Hispanic literature caused by a de novo mutation in the IFIH1 gene. The clinical features, studies conducted and review of the clinical, neuroradiological and genetic aspects are described.
Conclusions. The inheritance of the mutations reported for Aicardi-Goutières syndrome was classically considered as being recessive autosomal, but these findings show that dominant autosomal mutations in the IFIH1 gene can cause the disease. As a previously unreported neuroimaging finding, it presents a lesion consisting in cystic encephalomalacia in the pons.
Caso clínico Se presenta el primer caso descrito en la bibliografía hispana debido a mutación de novo en el gen IFIH1. Se expone el cuadro clínico, los estudios realizados y la revisión de los aspectos clínicos, neurorradiológicos y genéticos.
Conclusiones La herencia de las mutaciones descritas para el síndrome de Aicardi-Goutières era clásicamente autosómica recesiva, pero estos hallazgos muestran que mutaciones autosómicas dominantes en el gen IFIH1 pueden causar la enfermedad. Como hallazgo de neuroimagen no descrito previamente, presenta una lesión de encefalomalacia quística en la protuberancia.