*Correspondencia: Dr. Íñigo Corral Corral. Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Ctra. Colmenar, km 9,1. E-28034 Madrid.
E-mail: inigo.corral@salud.madrid.org
Introduction: Tarantism is the disease caused by the bite of the tarantula, in which the music tarantella triggers an involuntary dance. It is known in Italy since the sixteenth century.
Aim: To analyze the tarantism reported in Spain at the end of the eighteenth century, with special attention to its neurological aspects, and to propose its medical and psychopathological explanation.
Development: An epidemic of people affected by the tarantula bite occurred in Spain in 1782. Spanish doctors described appropriately the clinical effects, identical to those produced by the bite of the spider black widow (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus), which was at that time identified as a tarantula. The cases reported by Francisco Xavier Cid cured with the involuntary dance triggered by the tarantella, as was described in Italy since the sixteenth century. Our interpretation is that this curative effect of dance in Spain was induced by suggestion. In Spanish patients there were no behavioral disturbances, periodic recurrences or collective involvement as those reported by Italian authors, which suggest an hysterical phenomenon, probably a continuation of the dancing mania of the Middle Age.
Conclusions: Tarantism reported in Spain in the eighteenth century includes two different phenomena: the systemic symptoms produced by the tarantula bite, which is actually latrodectism, and the curative effect of the tarantella, explained by suggestion. The psychiatric disturbances, with a hysterical nature, falsely associated to the tarantula bite, observed in Italy, were not present among the Spanish cases of tarantism in the eighteenth century.
Objetivo Analizar el tarantismo descrito en España a finales del siglo XVIII, atendiendo especialmente a sus aspectos neurológicos, y proponer su explicación médica y psicopatológica.
Desarrollo En 1782 hubo una epidemia de afectados por picadura de tarántula en España. Médicos españoles describieron correctamente los efectos clínicos, idénticos a los provocados por la picadura de la araña viuda negra (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus), identificada en la época como tarántula. Los casos descritos por Francisco Xavier Cid curaban con el baile involuntario provocado por la tarantela, como se describía en Italia desde el siglo XVI. Interpretamos el efecto curativo de este baile en España como un fenómeno de sugestión. En los pacientes españoles no se producían los trastornos del comportamiento, las recidivas periódicas ni la afectación colectiva descritos por autores italianos, y que sugieren un fenómeno histérico, probablemente continuación de la manía danzante de la Edad Media.
Conclusiones El tarantismo descrito en España en el siglo XVIII incluye dos fenómenos distintos: los síntomas sistémicos producidos de la mordedura de la tarántula, que es en realidad un latrodectismo, y el efecto curativo de la tarantela, lo cual se explica por un fenómeno de sugestión. Los trastornos psíquicos falsamente asociados a la picadura de la tarántula observados en Italia, de origen histérico, no estuvieron presentes en los casos españoles de tarantismo del siglo XVIII.