The hypothalamus in Huntington's disease
*Correspondencia: Dra. Elena Bellosta Diago. Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa. San Juan Bosco, 15. E-50009 Zaragoza.
E-mail: elenabellosta@hotmail.com
Introduction: Disorders affecting sleep and the circadian rhythm, autonomic clinical signs and symptoms, and neuroendocrine alterations are frequent characteristics in Huntington's disease, some of which present in early stages of the disease. It is reasonable to think that some of these features could result from a hypothalamic dysfunction affecting the centre regulating sleep, metabolism and the autonomic nervous system.
Aim: The study presents the evidence available to date that suggests the involvement of a hypothalamic disorder in Huntington's disease.
Development: Histopathological, hormonal and neuroimaging research relates this area of the brain to Huntington's disease. The experimental findings and those obtained with animal models or in studies conducted with patients are summarised. Likewise, the clinical repercussions (sleep and circadian rhythm disorders, psychiatric and cognitive pathologies, and the clinical signs and symptoms linked to autonomic dysfunction) secondary to possible involvement of the hypothalamus in this disease are also described.
Conclusions: The hypothalamus acts as a centre that integrates the neuroendocrine and autonomic functions, and plays a significant role in cognitive and behavioural signs and symptoms. Disorders of this type have been highlighted in Huntington's disease. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role and scope of this region of the brain in this disease.
Objetivo Se exponen las evidencias disponibles hasta el momento actual que sugieren una afectación hipotalámica en la enfermedad de Huntington.
Desarrollo Investigaciones histopatológicas, hormonales y de neuroimagen relacionan esta región cerebral con la enfermedad de Huntington. Se resumen los hallazgos, tanto experimentales como en modelos animales, o en estudios realizados con pacientes. Asimismo, se describen las repercusiones clínicas (alteraciones del sueño y del ritmo circadiano, la patología psiquiátrica y cognitiva, y la clínica vinculada con disfunción autonómica) secundarias a una posible afectación hipotalámica en esta enfermedad.
Conclusiones El hipotálamo se comporta como un centro integrador de las funciones neuroendocrinas y autonómicas, y presenta un papel no desdeñable sobre la sintomatología cognitiva y conductual. Alteraciones al respecto se han destacado en la enfermedad de Huntington. Son necesarios posteriores estudios para aclarar el papel y el alcance de esta región cerebral en esta enfermedad.