Functional magnetic resonance imaging in the study of multiple sclerosis
*Corresponding author: Dra. Claudia Cárcamo Rodríguez. Neurology Department. School of Medicine. Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Marcoleta, 350, 2.º. Santiago, Chile.
E-mail: esclerosismultipleuc@gmail.com
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disease, modifies the normal connectivity among different brain regions involved in specific functions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), based on local changes in oxygen level as a response to the increase in neural activity, provides an approach to neural connectivity and brain dynamics which give us an overview on visual, motor and cognitive dysfunction and their mechanisms.
Development: An advanced search was performed using PubMed. Terms 'fMRI', 'visual', 'motor', 'cognitive' and 'multiple sclerosis' included in title and abstract were considered. We focus on original articles available in English. Articles were included based on their abstracts, looking for those potentially useful for understanding functional changes in MS. An important amount of studies have used fMRI as a complementary tool in the study of MS and clinically relevant alterations compromising visual, motor and cognitive domains. Since the earliest stages of the disease, local activity, and global neural dynamics appear to be compromised. Even when functional performance is still preserved, a different recruitment of neural resources arises as a compensatory response to disconnection observed in the disease.
Conclusions: The main findings of fMRI applied to MS are strongly related to the demyelinating nature of the disease and provide an adequate insight into the mechanisms that underlie functional alterations reported in this disease. fMRI also appears to be useful for studying disease evolution and response to treatment in MS and other disorders.
Desarrollo Se realizó una búsqueda avanzada en PubMed considerando los términos «fMRI», «visual», «motor», «cognitive» y «multiple sclerosis» incluidos en el título y el resumen. La búsqueda se centró en artículos originales disponibles en inglés, con énfasis en los útiles para comprender los cambios funcionales en la EM. Numerosos estudios han utilizado la RMf como una herramienta complementaria en el estudio de la EM y las alteraciones clínicamente relevantes de la afectación visual, motora y cognitiva. Desde las primeras etapas de la EM, la actividad local y la dinámica neural global parecen estar afectadas. Incluso cuando el desempeño funcional aún se conserva, surge un reclutamiento diferente de los recursos neuronales como respuesta compensatoria a la desconexión observada en la enfermedad.
Conclusiones Los principales hallazgos de la RMf aplicada a la EM están fuertemente relacionados con la naturaleza desmielinizante de la enfermedad y proporcionan una visión adecuada de los mecanismos subyacentes a las alteraciones funcionales. La RMf también parece ser útil para estudiar la evolución de la enfermedad y la respuesta al tratamiento en la EM y otros trastornos.