ABC transporters and drug resistance in epilepsy: biological plausibility, pharmacogenetics and precision medicine
*Correspondencia: Dr. Pablo R. Moya. Instituto de Fisiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Valparaíso. Avda. Gran Bretaña, 1111. Playa Ancha. Valparaíso, Chile.
E-mail: pablo.moya@uv.cl
Introduction: A plausible mechanism that may contribute to drug resistance in epilepsy is the failure of drugs to reach the brain tissue, caused by changes in the activity of ABC transporters. The main argument in favour of this hypothesis is that resistance occurs against a wide variety of antiepileptic drugs with different mechanisms of action, suggesting a non-specific underlying phenomenon that limits the effectiveness of drug treatments.
Development: A review of the literature on ABC transporters, their role in the normal physiology of the blood-brain barrier and drug resistance in epilepsy, both in human studies and in animal models, is conducted. Studies of genetic variants in the ABCB1 and ABCC2 genes, which code for these transporters, and recent genomic studies in epilepsy and related pathologies are also reviewed, followed by a discussion of their scope and limitations.
Conclusions: To date, the association of genetic variants of ABC transporters with resistance to anticonvulsant drugs remains a matter of debate. The increasingly widespread use and accessibility of modern sequencing technologies is expected to allow the establishment of genetic markers that provide a precision medicine based approach to the treatment of epilepsy.
Desarrollo Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de los transportadores ABC, su papel en la fisiología normal de la barrera hematoencefálica y en la resistencia a fármacos en la epilepsia, tanto en estudios en humanos como en modelos animales. Se revisan además los estudios de variantes genéticas en los genes ABCB1 y ABCC2, que codifican para estos transportadores, y los recientes estudios genómicos en la epilepsia y patologías afines, discutiendo sus alcances y limitaciones.
Conclusiones Hasta ahora, la asociación de variantes genéticas de transportadores ABC con la resistencia a fármacos anticonvulsionantes sigue siendo materia de debate. Se espera que la creciente masificación y accesibilidad a tecnologías de secuenciación modernas permitan establecer marcadores genéticos que otorguen una aproximación de medicina de precisión para el tratamiento de la epilepsia.