Usefulness of the kappa index in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and validation of reference values in the Community of Aragon
*Correspondencia: Dr. Ignacio Saldaña-Inda. Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet. Paseo de Isabel la Católica, 1-3, Planta 7. E-50009 Zaragoza.
E-mail: inakisaldana@gmail.es
Introduction: Detection of oligoclonal bands (OCB) in CSF is essential in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Kappa-index is a promising biomarker, with sensitivity and sensibility values comparable to those of OCB. Our objective was to investigate kappa-index utility in the diagnosis work-up for MS and to determine the optimal cut-off point for our population.
Material and methods: Observational study of consecutive samples received in the Immunology lab department in a third level hospital between January 2019 to June 2020. Kappa-index and IgG index were measured. ROC analysis for screening of OCB and for diagnosis of MS was conducted. Sensibility, specificity and the optimal cut-off points were determined.
Results: 181 samples were included (59.7% females; age, 47.62 ± 17.8 years). Patients in the EM group presented significantly higher kappa-index level than patients without an EM diagnosis (66.62 versus 0.02; p < 0.001). ROC analysis reported a better area under the curve for the kappa-index than the IgG index for the detection of BOC (0.93 versus 0.83; p < 0.002) and the diagnosis of EM (0.91 versus 0.83; p < 0.021). An optimal cut-off point of 5.02 was determined for the detection of BOC (sensibility and specificity, 0.92) and of 7.58 for the diagnosis of EM (sensibility, 0.85; specificity, 0.94).
Conclusions: Kappa-index is an useful biomarker in the diagnosis of MS. Its specificity and sensibility are superior to the IgG index. The optimal cut-off point has yet to be determined, but for our population a cut-off of 5.02 seems reasonable.
Resultados Se analizaron 181 pacientes (59,7%, mujeres; edad media, 47,62 ± 17,8 años). El grupo de EM demostró valores estadísticamente superiores de índice kappa (66,62 frente a 0,02; p < 0,001). En el análisis de curvas ROC, el índice kappa demostró un área bajo la curva superior al índice IgG en la detección de BOC+ (0,93 frente a 0,83; p < 0,002) y el diagnóstico de EM (0,91 frente a 0,83; p < 0,021). El punto de corte óptimo del índice kappa para la detección de BOC fue 5,02 (sensibilidad y especificidad, 0,92) y 7,58 para el diagnóstico de EM (sensibilidad, 0,85; especificidad, 0,94).
Conclusiones El índice kappa es un biomarcador útil en el diagnóstico de la EM. Su determinación es un proceso automático y rápido, con valores de sensibilidad y especificidad superiores al índice IgG. Todavía se debe llegar a un consenso sobre el punto de corte óptimo para su positividad, si bien, en nuestro medio, un punto de corte de 5,02 parece razonable.