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Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: standardization and norms of the test for a population sample in Spain

R. del Pino, J. Peña, N. Ibarretxe-Bilbao, D.J. Schretlen, N. Ojeda [REV NEUROL 2016;62:193-202] PMID: 26916322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.6205.2015274

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Volumen 62 | Number 05 | Nº of views of the article 19.975 | Nº of PDF downloads 1.720 | Article publication date 01/03/2016

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ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION The Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) is a shorter, modified version of the WCST that assesses executive functioning and mental flexibility. The M-WCST presents some differences and advantages compared to other versions of the WCST, as previously described in the scientific literature.

AIM To standardize and develop demographically-calibrated norms for the M-WCST in a sample representing of the population of Spain.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study is part of the multisite Normacog project. Seven hundred participants from 18 to 90 years old were assessed using the M-WCST. The effects of age, sex, and educational level on M-WCST performance were analyzed, and demographically-calibrated percentiles and scaled scores corresponding to each raw score were created.

RESULTS The effect of age and level of education on the M-WCST variables analyzed (correct categories, perseverative errors and total errors) was statistically significant, whereas sex was not significant. Age and education explained 5.0-21.2% of the variance in M-WCST performance. Older participants with lower level of formal education completed fewer category sorts and made more errors than younger and more educated participants. CONCLUSION. This study reports the first normative data for the M-WCST in a contemporary Spanish sample, taking sociodemographic characteristics of the population into account. The influence of age and level of education on the M-WCST performance was confirmed. KeywordsCognitive testing Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Neuropsychological test Normative data Spanish population Standardization

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Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: standardization and norms of the test for a population sample in Spain

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